R Code for Chapter 14: Graphics III — The Fun Stuff — Text
# ==============================================================================
# Chapter 14 -- Graphics III: The fun stuff -- Text
# ==============================================================================
default.par = par() # Set default parameters for recovery
# 14.1 Adding text ======================================================== 14.1
myV1 = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) # Set up some temporary data
myV2 = c(5, 7, 3, 9, 8)
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-1-Text-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
plot(myV1, myV2, # Plot the data
ylim = c(0, 10), # Set range for y axis
type = "b", # Set line type connecting dots
main = "A bold title on top", # Add a title at the top
font.main = 2, # Bold for main title
cex.main = 2, # Set font size for the main title
sub = "Subtitle at the bottom", # Put a subtitle on the bottom
cex.sub = .75, # Set font size for the subtitle
col.sub = "darkgray", # Set color for subtitle
xlab = "This is the x axis", # Add text for the x axis
ylab = "This is the y axis", # Add text for the y axis
font.lab = 3, # Set axis label font to italic
col.lab = "black") # Set color for axis labels
# A legend
legend("bottomright", # Location of legend
inset = .025, # Distance from edge of plot region
legend = c("my x1 variable", # Legend Text
"my x2 variable"),
col = c("black", "darkgray"), # Legend Element Colors
pch = c(1, 22), # Legend Element Styles
title = "A Legend") # Legend title
# Some ad hoc text
text(x = 2.5, y = 5, # Add some ad hoc text at x = 2 y = 5
labels = "Some ad hoc text", # The text to add
srt = 45, # Rotate 90 degrees
family = "mono", # Use mono-spaced font
col = "darkgray") # Set color to dark green
# Ad hoc text in margin
par(usr = c(0, 1, 0, 1)) # Set usr parameters to 0,1 space
text(x = 1.05, y = .5, # Place text just outside right border
labels = "Ad hoc text in margin", # Text to use
xpd = TRUE, # Allow text outside of border
font = 3, # Italic font
cex = 1.25, # Font size to 1.25
srt = 270, # Rotate string 270 degrees
col = gray(.75)) # Set color to gray .75
dev.off() # Output png file
# 14.2 Setting up fonts =================================================== 14.2
# 14.2a The built-in fonts =============================================== 14.2a
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-2-fonts.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mfcol = c(2, 2)) # Set 2x2 grid of plots
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "b", # A simple plot
main = "Family = 'sans'", # A title
sub = "The default sans-serif font", # A subtitle
family = "sans") # Set font family to sans
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "o", # A simple plot
main = "Family = 'serif'", # A title
sub = "The serif font", # A sub-title
family = "serif") # Set font family to serif
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "l", # A simple plot
main = "Family = 'mono'", # A title
sub = "The mono-spaced font", # A sub-title
family = "mono") # Set font family to mono
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "p", # A simple plot
main = "Variation in font styles", # A title
sub = "Same font family, different styles and sizes",
family = "serif", # Set font family to serif
font.main = 4, cex.main = 1.75, # Title in larger bold italic
font.axis = 2, cex.axis = .75, # Axis fonts small but bold
font.sub = 3, cex.sub = .6, # Subtitle fonts in italic & larger
font.lab = 1, cex.lab = 1) # Axis labels plain & default size
dev.off() # Output png file
# Check windows font mappings
windowsFonts() # Show windows font mappings
# 14.2b Remapping windows fonts ========================================== 14.2b
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-3-windowsFonts.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mfcol = c(2, 1)) # Set up 2 plots vertically
par(mai = c(.85, .85, .5, .25)) # Set margins
windowsFonts( # Reassign the sans font
sans = "TT Comic Sans MS") # to Comic Sans
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "b", # A simple plot
main = "Some Comic Sans Action!", # A Title
family = "sans") # Font family for plot
windowsFonts( # Reassign serif font
serif = "TT Blackadder ITC") # to Blackadder ITC
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "b", # A simple plot
main =
"Please don't use this font!", # A title for the plot
family = "serif") # Font family for plot
dev.off() # Output png file
# Reset fonts to defaults (Please!)
windowsFonts(sans = "TT Arial") # Reset fonts back to defaults
windowsFonts(serif = "TT Times New Roman")
# 14.2c The Rdevga method for Windows ==================================== 14.2c
# Note that this method requires editing your Rdevga file so that lines
# 15 - 18 (not include blank and comment lines read:
# TT Century Gothic : plain
# TT Century Gothic : bold
# TT Century Gothic : italic
# TT Century Gothic : bold&italic
# (but without the hashtag at the beginning).
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-4-Rdevga method.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mfcol = c(1, 1)) # Reset mfcol for just one plot
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "b", # A simple plot
main = "The Rdevga method", # A Title
font.main = 15, # This should be Century Gothic bold
font.lab = 12, # This should be Courier italic
font.axis = 7) # This should be Times bold
dev.off() # Output png file
# 14.3 Titles and Subtitles =============================================== 14.3
# Short example of using text variables for title
myTitle = "My Nice Title" # Create a txt variable with title
plot(myX, myY, main = myTitle) # Plot using txt variable title
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-5-Title and subtitle-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "l", # A simple plot
main = "Here is the title", # The main title
family = "serif", # Use serif family font
font.main = 2, # Set title font to bold
cex.main = 3, # Set title font size to double
col.main = "darkgray", # Set title to dark gray
xlab = NA, ylab = NA) # Supress axis labels
title( # Put subtitle on plot
sub = "This is the subtitle", # A subtitle
adj = 1, # Put it on right side
family = "mono", # Use mono-spaced font
font.sub = 2, # Use bold for subtitle
cex.sub = 1.5, # Subtitle font size = 1.5
col.sub = "black") # Subtitle color
title( # Put X axis label on plot
xlab = "This is the x-axis label", # X axis label text
family = "sans", # Use sans-serif font
font.lab = 3, # Use italic for x axis label
cex.lab = 1.25, # X-axis label font size
col.lab = "darkgray") # X-axis label color
title( # Put Y axis label on plot
ylab = "Y is here", # Y axis label text
family = "serif", # Use serif font
font.lab = 2, # Use bold for y axis label
cex.lab = 1.25, # Y-axis font size = 1.25
col.lab = "darkgray", # Y-axis label color
las = 2)
dev.off() # Output png file
# 14.4 Legends ============================================================ 14.4
# Set up some data
year = 1990:1996 # Create a series of years
myV1 = c(10, 11, 12, 9, 14, 10, 11) # Create some values for myV1
myV2 = c(8, 14, 9, 12, 10, 13, 12) # Create some values for myV2
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-6-legends-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(1, .5, .25, .25)) # Set space around plot
# Create a simple plot
plot(year, myV1, # Plot myV1 against year
ylim = c(0, 20), # Set y axis scale
ylab = NA, # Turn off y axis label
type = "o", # Set as line plot with points
lty = 1, # Solid line
pch = 16) # Point style
points(year, myV2, # Add myV2 to plot
type = "o", # Set type as line with points
col = "darkgray", # Set color to red
lty = 2, # Dashed line
pch = 22) # Use square box for point style
# Legend 1
legend("topleft", # Location of legend
inset = .025, # Distance from edge of plot region
legend = c("Variable myV1", # Legend Text
"Variable myV2"),
col = c("black", "darkgray"), # Legend Element Colors
pch = c(16, 22), # Legend Element Styles
title = "Legend 1") # Legend title
# Legend 2
legend(x = 1992.25, y = 20, # Location of legend on x & y scale
legend = c("Variable myV1", # Legend Text
"Variable myV2"),
cex = .8, # Text size set to .8
fill = c("black", "darkgray"), # Legend Element Colors
title = "Legend 2", # Legend Title
horiz = T, # Set legend horizontally
bg = "light gray") # Set color for legend background
# Set up percentage coordinates system for legend
my.usr = par("usr") # Save current coordinate units
par(usr = c(0, 1, 0, 1)) # Set coordinate space to 0,1 scales
# Legend 3 Bold Title
par(font = 2, family = "serif") # Set bold serif font
legend(x = .05, y = .3, # Location of legend in percent units
yjust = 1, # Put legend below y value
legend = c("Variable myV1", # Legend Text
"Variable myV2"),
lty = c(1, 2), # line types for legend elements
col = c("black","darkgray"), # Legend Element Colors
title = "Legend 3", # Legend title
title.col = gray(.2), # Legend title color
text.col = "white", # Set text color to be invisible
bty = "n") # No box around legend
par(font = 1, family = "sans") # Return default font to normal sans
# Legend 3
legend(x = .05, y = .3, # Location of legend in percent units
yjust = 1, # Put legend below y value
legend = c("Variable myV1", # Legend Text
"Variable myV2"),
lty = c(1, 2), # line types for legend elements
col = c("black", "darkgray"), # Legend Element Colors
title = NA, # Legend title turned off
bty = "n") # No box around legend
# Legend 4
legend(x = .95, y = .05, # Location of legend in percent units
xjust = 1, # Left justify legend box on x coord.
yjust = 0, # Bottom justify legend box on y coord.
legend = c("Variable myV1", # Legend Text
"Variable myV2"),
lty = c(1, 2), # Line type for legend elements
col = c("black", "darkgray"), # Legend Element Colors
pch = c(16, 22), # Symbol styles for legend elements
merge = TRUE, # Merge line & symbol for legend elements
title = "Legend 4", # Legend Title
title.col = gray(.4), # Legend title color
box.lty = 9, # Legend box line type
box.lwd = 2, # Legend box line width
box.col = "darkgray") # Legend box color
dev.off() # Output png file
# Putting a legend outside the plot area ---------------------------------------
year = 1990:1996 # Create a series of years
myV1 = c(10, 11, 12, 9, 14, 10, 11) # Create some values for myV1
myV2 = c(8, 14, 9, 12, 10, 13, 12) # Create some values for myV2
# Create a simple plot
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-7-legends-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(1.5, .5, .25, 2)) # Right margin space for legend
plot(year, myV1, # Plot myV1 against year
ylim = c(0, 20), # Set y axis scale
ylab = NA, # Turn off y axis label
type = "o", # Set as line plot with points
lty = 1, # Solid line
pch = 16) # Point style
points(year, myV2, # Add myV2 to plot
type = "o", # Set type as line with points
col = gray(.2), # Set color
lty = 2, # Dashed line
pch = 22) # Use square box for point style
# Legend outside the plot on right
legend(x = 1996.5, y = 15, # Location of legend
xpd = TRUE, # Allow drawing outside plot area
xjust = 0, # Left justify legend box on x
yjust = .5, # Center legend box on y
legend = c("Variable myV1", # Legend Text
"Variable myV2"),
col = c("black", gray(.2)), # Legend Element Colors
pch = c(16,22), # Legend Element Styles
title = "Legend 5", # Legend Title
title.col = gray(.2), # Legend title color
box.lty = 1, # Legend box line type
box.lwd = 2) # Legend box line width
# Legend outside the plot on bottom
legend(x = 1993, y = -6.5, # Location of legend
xpd = TRUE, # Allow drawing outside plot area
xjust = .5, # Center legend box on x
yjust = 1, # Top justify legend box on y
horiz = TRUE, # Set legend horizontally
legend = c("Variable myV1", # Legend Text
"Variable myV2"),
lty = c(1, 2), # Line type for legend elements
col = c("black", gray(.2)), # Legend Element Colors
pch = c(16, 22), # Symbol styles for legend elements
merge = TRUE, # Merge line & symbol for legend
title = "Legend 6", # Legend Title
title.col = gray(.4), # Legend title color
box.lty = 1, # Legend box line type
box.lwd = 2, # Legend box line width
box.col = gray(.4)) # Legend box color
dev.off() # Output png file
# 14.5 Simple axes and axis labels ======================================== 14.5
# 14.6 Building more complex axes ========================================= 14.6
# Turning axes off selectively (not in book).
default.par = par() # Save parameter settings
myV1 = c(1, 3, 4, 7, 9) # Set up some x values
myV2 = c(4, 6, 5, 3, 7) # Set up some y values
par(mfrow = c(2, 2)) # Create a 2x2 grid of plots
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "b", # Plot myV1 with myV2
main = "xaxt = 'n'", # Add main title
xaxt = "n") # Turn off x axis
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "b", # Plot myVq with myV2
main = "yaxt = 'n'", # Add main title
yaxt = "n") # Turn off y axis
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "b", # Plot myVq with myV2
main = "xaxt='n' & yaxt='n'", # Add main title
xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n") # Turn off x & y axes
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "b", # Plot myVq with myV2
main = "axes=FALSE", # Add main title
axes = FALSE) # Turn off both axes
# Axis Modifications I ---------------------------------------------------------
myV1 = c(1, 3, 4, 7, 9) # Set up some x values
myV2 = c(4, 6, 5, 3, 7) # Set up some y values
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-8-axes-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
plot(myV1, myV2, # Plot myV1 and myV2
xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n", # Supress axes
xlim = c(0, 10)) # Set x range
axis(side = 1, # X axis
at = c(seq(0, 10, by = 2))) # tick marks every 2
axis(side = 1, # X axis minor tick marks
at = c(seq(1, 9, by = 2)), # Set on odd numbers
labels = NA, # No labels for minor tick marks
tcl = -.25) # Shorten minor tick marks
axis(side = 3, # Put another axis on top
at = c(0:10), # Ticks at 0-10
labels = LETTERS[1:11]) # Use alphabet labels
axis(side = 2, # Add Y axis
at = c(3:7), # Tick marks from 3-7 by 1
las = 1, # Rotate labels perpendicular to axis
lwd = 0, # Turn off axis line
lwd.ticks = 2, # Set tick width to 2
col.ticks = gray(.3)) # Set tick color
dev.off() # Ouput png file
# Axis positions and modifications II ------------------------------------------
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-9-more axes.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(1, 1, .5, .25))
plot(myV1, myV2, # Plot myV1 and myV2
xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n", # Suppress axes
xlim = c(0, 10), # Set x range
xlab = NA) # Turn off X label
axis(side = 1, # Set up new X axis
at = c(seq(0, 10, by = 2)), # Tick marks trom 0-10 by 2
labels = c("Zero", "Two", "Four", # Labels for tick marks
"Six", "Eight", "Ten"),
family = "serif", # Set font
cex.axis = 1.5, # Increase font size by 50%
las = 2, # Make labels perpendicular to axis
line = 1) # Put axis 1 line into the margin
axis(side = 2, # Set up new Y axis
at = c(3:7), # Set tick marks from 3-7 by 1
font = 4, # Set font to bold italic
lwd.ticks = 2, # Set major tick line width at 2
pos = -.5) # Set axis at -.5 on X scale
axis(side = 2, # Overlay minor tick marks on Y axis
at = c(3.5:6.5), # Put them on the .5 marks
labels = NA, # No labels
tcl = -.25, # Set length of tick marks
pos = -.5) # Set position of axis (same as above)
axis(side = 3, # Add another axis on top of plot
at = c(seq(0, 10, by = 1.35)), # Set another scale
labels = c(seq(100, 170, by = 10)), # Add labels
padj = 1, # Adjust labels downward
tcl = 1) # Put long tick marks into plot area
dev.off() # Output png file
# 14.6a Tick marks ======================================================= 14.6a
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-10-ticks-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(3.5, .25, .25, .25)) # Set margin sizes in inches
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "n", # Setup w/no points & default x axis
xlab = NA, # Turn off x axis label
ylab = NA, # Turn off y axis label
yaxt = "n", # Turn off y axis
xlim = c(0, 10)) # Set x axis range
axis(side = 1, # New x axis
at = c(0:10), # Ticks at 0-10
line = 3) # Move axis down to 3rd line
axis(side = 1, # New x axis
at = c(seq(0, 10, by = 2)), # Major ticks at 0-10 by 2
labels = LETTERS[1:6], # A-F as labels
line = 6) # Put axis on 6th line
axis(side = 1, # New x axis
at = c(seq(1, 10, by = 2)), # Minor ticks at 1-10 by 2
labels = NA, # Turn off labels for minor ticks
line = 6) # Overlay axis on 6th line
axis(side = 1, # New x axis
at = c(0:10), # Major ticks at 0-10
labels = c(1990:2000), # Use years for labels
las = 2, # Rotate labels to be perpendicular
col = gray(.5), # Set main axis line to med gray
tcl = -.75, # Major tick length at .75 below line
col.tick = "black", # Make major ticks black
lwd = 2, # Make major ticks longer
line = 9) # Put axis on 9th line below plot
axis(side = 1, # Add overlay axis for the minor ticks
at = c(seq(.5, 10, by = 1)), # Minor ticks at every .5
labels = NA, # No labels for minor ticks
tcl = -.3, # Minor ticks length is .3 below line
lwd = 0, # Turn off main axis line for overlay
lwd.ticks = 1.25, # Set minor tick width to 1.25
col.tick = "darkgray", # Color for minor tick marks
line = 9) # Overlay axis on 9th line
axis(side = 1, # New x axis
at = c(0:10), # Major ticks at 0 - 10
labels = NA, # Turn off labels
tcl = -.5, # Major tick length at .5 below line
lwd = 1.25, # Make major ticks thicker
line = 13) # Put axis on 13th line
text(x = seq(0.3, 10.3, 1), # x values for axis labels
y = -46, # y value for axis labels
xpd = TRUE, # Allow writing outside plot area
labels = as.character(c(1990:2000)), # Years as text labels
pos = 2, # Left align labels
srt = 45) # Rotate strings 45 degrees
dev.off() # Output png file
# 14.6b Axes and Dates =================================================== 14.6b
dFormat = "%m/%d/%Y" # Set up a date format
myDate = as.Date(c("10/12/1947", # Set up a date variable
"5/14/1969", "7/2/1998", "1/3/2004", # with several dates
"11/24/2012"), dFormat) # using the format above
myV2 = c(14, 32, 7, 19, 11) # Another simple variable
# A simple default time plot ---------------------------------------------------
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-11-dates.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(1, 1, .25, .25))
plot(myDate, myV2) # Basic plot with defaults
dev.off() # Output png file
# A customized time plot -------------------------------------------------------
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-12-dates-custom-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(1, 1, .25, .25)) # Set margins - no title
plot(myDate, myV2, # Customized plot
xlim = # Set range for X axis
c(as.Date("1/1/1940", dFormat), # Starting date
as.Date("12/31/2020", dFormat)), # Ending date
xaxt = "n", # Turn off X axis
xlab = "Year") # Set X axis label
axis.Date(side = 1, # Set up new X axis w/ major tick marks
at = seq.Date( # Create a sequence of dates
as.Date("1/1/1940", dFormat), # Starting point for sequence
as.Date("12/31/2020", dFormat), # Ending point for sequence
by = "5 years"), # Increment value for sequence
labels = seq(1940, 2020, by = 5), # Labels for major tick marks
las = 2) # Rotate labels perpendicular
axis.Date(side = 1, # Overlay X axis w/ minor tick marks
at = seq.Date( # Create a sequence of dates
as.Date("1/1/1940", dFormat), # Starting point for sequence
as.Date("12/31/2020", dFormat), # Ending point for sequence
by = "year"), # Increment value for sequence
labels = NA, # Turn off labels
tcl = -.25) # Set length at .25 below axis
abline( # Add a line
v=as.Date("10/23/1957", dFormat), # Vertical placement on 10/23/1957
col = "darkgray", # Set color
lwd = 2) # Line width at 2
text(x = as.Date("1/1/1959", dFormat), # Label for the line - X coordinate
y = 25, # Y coordinate
pos = 4, # Put text to right of coordinates
label = "October 23, 1957", # Text for label
cex = 1.5, # Set font size 50% bigger
family = "mono", # Set font style
font = 2) # Bold font
dev.off() # Output png file
# 14.7 Ad hoc text placement ============================================== 14.7
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-14-13-text.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(.5, .5, .25, .25)) # Set plot margins - no title
plot(x = 1.25, y = 1.5, # Start plot with first point
xlim = c(0, 3), # Set x range of plot
ylim = c(0, 2), # Set y range of plot
pch = 18, # Diamond shaped plotting symbol
xlab = NA, # Turn off x axis label
ylab = NA) # Turn off y axis label
points(1.5, 1, pch = 18) # Add diamond shaped point
text(1.5, 1, # Add text at same position
labels = "Defaults: No pos= or adj=")
# Using the adj= option
points(.5, .25, pch = 18) # Add diamond shaped point
text(.5, .25, # Add text at same point
labels = "adj = c(1,1)", # Text to add
adj = c(1, 1)) # Adjust position to lower left
text(.5, .25, # Add more text at same point
labels = "adj = c(0,0)", # Text to add
adj = c(0, 0)) # Adjust position to upper right
points(.5, .75, pch = 18) # Add diamond shaped point
text(.5, .75, # Add text at same point
labels = "adj = c(1,0)", # Text to add
adj = c(1, 0)) # Adjust position to lower right
text(.5, .75, # Add text at same point
labels = "adj = c(0,1)", # Text to add
adj = c(0, 1)) # Adjust position to upper left
points(.5, 1.75, pch = 18) # Add diamond shaped point
text(.5, 1.75, # Add text at same point
labels = "adj = c(.5,.5) \n srt = 90",
srt = 90, # Rotate text 90 degrees
adj = c(.5, .5)) # Adjust position to center text
# (note this is also the default)
# Using the pos = option
points(1.25, 1.5, pch = 18) # Add diamond shaped point
text(1.25, 1.5, # Add text at same point
labels = "pos = 1", # Text to add
pos = 1) # Set position to bottom centered (1)
text(1.25, 1.5, # Add text at same point
labels = "pos = 2", # Text to add
pos = 2) # Set position to left (2)
text(1.25, 1.5, # Add text at same point
labels = "pos = 3", # Text to add
pos = 3) # Set position to top centered (3)
text(1.25, 1.5, # Add text at same point
labels = "pos = 4", # Text to add
pos = 4) # Set position to right (4)
# Using xpd = to go outside the plot area
text(.45, 0, # Add text at bottom of plot
labels = "This uses xpd = TRUE to allow it to go outside the plot area",
pos = 4, # Place text to right of point
xpd = TRUE, # Set xpd = TRUE to allow
font = 3) # Set font to italic
# plotmath expression
text(2.5, .75, # Add an expression w/plotmath
labels = expression(Phi(italic(x)) # Build the expression
== over(1, sigma * sqrt(2 * pi)) *
italic(e)^ -over((x - mu)^2, 2 * sigma^2)),
srt = 45, # Set at 45 degree angle
cex = 1.25) # Increase size to 1.25
text(2.5, 1.75, # Add text for expression detail
labels = "plotmath equation with \n srt = 45")
arrows(x0 = 2.5, x1 = 2.5, # Add an arrow
y0 = 1.5, y1 = 1.1, # y coordinates for arrow
lwd = 3.5, # Set linewidth to 3.5
col = "darkgray") # Set color to dark gray
dev.off() # Output png file
R Code for Chapter 15: Graphics IV — The Fun Stuff — Color, Shapes, and Lines
# ==============================================================================
# Chapter 15 -- Graphics IV: The fun stuff -- Shapes
# ==============================================================================
# 15.1 Doing colors ======================================================= 15.1
# 15.1a Specifying colors ================================================ 15.1a
# Display all named colors
colors()
# A plot of normal deviates with colors ----------------------------------------
myV1 = seq(0, 1, by = .001) # Set up some x values
myV2 = rnorm(myV1) # Y from random normal dist
# Here we will create a vector of integer values sorting myV2 which ranges
# between -4 and +4 into 8 values between 1 and 8. We'll then use these
# to select colors from a palette of 8 colors
myV2colors = abs(round(2 * myV2, 0)) + 1
# Here is the color version
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-1-colors.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(bg = gray(.9)) # Set plot background to light gray
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "n", # Setup plot without points
ylim = c(-4, 4), # Set y range
main = # Set title and subtitle
"A color plot (in black and white)",
sub = "(Color version available online at www.sagepub.com/gaubatz)",
col.lab = "red", # Color for axis labels
col.axis = "blue", # Color for axis and ticks
col.main = "darkblue") # Color for main title
rect( # Create rectangle w/plot area coords
par()$usr[1], # left x value at usr[1]
par()$usr[3], # Right x value at usr[3]
par()$usr[2], # Bottom y value at usr[2]
par()$usr[4], # Top y value at usr[4]
col = gray(.5), # Set rect color to medium gray
lwd = 8, # Border with line width 8
border = "red") # Set border color to red
myPalette = rainbow(8) # Create a palette of 8 colors
points(myV1, myV2, # Add points to plot
pch = 16, # Use solid circle
cex = .5, # Set the points at half size
col = myPalette[myV2colors]) # Set color based on myV2 value
dev.off() # Output png file
# Here is the grayscale version used in the book -------------------------------
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-1-colors-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(bg = gray(.9)) # Set plot background to light gray
plot(myV1, myV2, type = "n", # Setup plot without points
ylim = c(-4, 4), # Set y range
main = # Set title and subtitle
"A color plot (in black and white)",
sub = "(Color version available online at www.sagepub.com/gaubatz)",
col.lab = gray(.2), # Color for axis labels
col.axis = gray(.4), # Color for axis and ticks
col.main = gray(.1)) # Color for main title
rect( # Create rectangle w/plot area coords
par()$usr[1], # left x value at usr[1]
par()$usr[3], # Right x value at usr[3]
par()$usr[2], # Bottom y value at usr[2]
par()$usr[4], # Top y value at usr[4]
col = gray(.5), # Set rect color to medium gray
lwd = 8, # Border with line width 8
border = gray(.4)) # Set border color to red
myPalette = gray.colors(8) # Create a palette of 8 colors
points(myV1, myV2, # Add points to plot
pch = 16, # Use solid circle
cex = .5, # Set the points at half size
col = myPalette[myV2colors]) # Set color based on myV2 value
dev.off() # Output png file
# 15.1b Color transparency =============================================== 15.1b
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-2-transparency-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 2) # Height at 4 inches
par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0)) # Set all margins to 0
plot.new() # New plot
abline(h = .5, # Add a horizontal line at .5
lwd = 4) # Set line width to 4
segments( # Add segments w/ degrees of transparency
x0 = seq(.1, .9, by = .15), # The first x values for the lines
y0 = .1, # The first y values for the lines
x1 = seq(.1, .9, by = .15), # The second x values
y1 = .9, # The second y values
col = c("#00000010", "#00000025", # Black w/increasing opacity
"#00000050", "#000000A5",
"#000000D0", "#000000FF"),
lwd = 40) # Line width = 40
text( # Black labels for degree of opacity
x = seq(.1, .9, by = .15), # x values
y = .1, # y value
labels = # Text to show alpha channel values
c("10", "25", "50", "A5", "D0", "FF"))
text( # White labels for degree of opacity
x = seq(.1, .9, by = .15), # x values
y = .9, # y value
col = "white", # Set color to white
labels = # Text to show alpha channel values
c("10", "25", "50", "A5", "D0", "FF"))
dev.off() # Output png file
# 15.2 Custom points ====================================================== 15.2
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-3-pch-values.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 6) # Height at 6 inches
par(mai = c(0, 0, 0, 0)) # No space around plot
plot(x = 0, y = 0, # Set up an empty plot
xlim = c(0, 9), ylim = c(0, 14), # Set x and y lengths
type = "n", # Suppress points
xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n", # Suppress axis marks
xlab = "", ylab = "") # Suppress axis labels
points(x = c(rep(3, 13),rep(7, 13)), # Add points in 2 cols (x = 3 & 7)
y = c(c(13:1), c(13:1)), # Increment y values for the 2 cols
pch = c(0:25), # Run through 25 values for pch
cex = 1.5) # Increase size to 1.5
text(x = c(rep(2, 13),rep(6, 13)), # Add text labels also in 2 cols
y = c(c(13:1), c(13:1)), # with incremented y values
labels = # Label each point with
paste(as.character(c(0:25)), # the appropriate numeric
" = ")) # value.
dev.off() # Close png device to output plot
# Plotting other symbols: Alphanumerics ----------------------------------------
# Output a png file
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-4-pch-letters.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(1, 1, .25, .25)) # Set plot margins - no title
plot(x = c(1:4), y = c(2, 4, 3, 4), # Plot some x & y values
pch = c("g", "&", "3", "H"), # Assign alphanumerics to each point
cex = 2, # Scale symbols to double size
xlim = c(0, 5), ylim = c(0, 5), # Set range of plot
xlab = "X", ylab = "Y") # Set axis labels
dev.off() # Close png device to output plot
# 15.2a Connectors ======================================================= 15.2a
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-5-point connectors.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 6 inches
layout(matrix(c(1:12), # Setup a layout matrix
ncol = 4, # with 4 columns & 3 rows
byrow = T), # to fill by row.
heights = c(.45, .45, .1), # Relative heights
widths = c(.05, .3, .3, .3)) # Relative widths
layout.show(12) # Show the layout
par(mai = c(.1, .1, .5, .1)) # Set margins
plot.new() # Skip the first grid location
plot(x = c(1:4), y = c(2, 4, 3, 4), # Plot some x & y values
type = "p", # Set connectors to just points
xlim = c(0, 5), ylim = c(0, 5), # Set range of plot
xaxt = "n", # Turn off x axis
xlab = NA, ylab = NA, # Turn off axis labels
main = "type = 'p'") # Add main title
plot(x = c(1:4), y = c(2, 4, 3, 4), # Plot some x & y values
type = "l", # Set connectors to just lines
xlim = c(0, 5), ylim = c(0, 5), # Set range of plot
xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n", # Turn off axes
xlab = NA, ylab = NA, # Turn off axis labels
main = "type = 'l'") # Add main title
plot(x = c(1:4), y = c(2, 4, 3, 4), # Plot some x & y values
type = "b", # Set connectors to both lines & points
xlim = c(0, 5), ylim = c(0, 5), # Set range of plot
xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n", # Turn off axes
xlab = NA, ylab = NA, # Turn off axis labels
main = "type = 'b'") # Add main title
plot.new() # Skip the 5th layout space
plot(x = c(1:4), y = c(2, 4, 3, 4), # Plot some x & y values
type = "s", # Set connectors to stair steps
xlim = c(0, 5), ylim = c(0, 5), # Set range of plot
xlab = NA, ylab = NA, # Turn off axis labels
main = "type = 's'") # Add main title
plot(x = c(1:4), y = c(2, 4, 3, 4), # Plot some x & y values
type = "h", # Set to histogram-style vertical lines
xlim = c(0, 5), ylim = c(0, 5), # Set range of plot
yaxt = "n", # Turn off y axis
xlab = NA, ylab = NA, # Turn off axis labels
main = "type = 'h'") # Add main title
plot(x = c(1:4), y = c(2, 4, 3, 4), # Plot some x & y values
type = "n", # Turn off points
xlim = c(0, 5), ylim = c(0, 5), # Set range of plot
yaxt = "n", # Turn off y axis
xlab = NA, ylab = NA, # Turn off axis labels
main = "type = 'n'") # Add main title
dev.off() # Close png device to output plot
# 15.2b The symbols() approach =========================================== 15.2b
# Output a png file
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-6-symbols-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 6 inches
par(mai = c(1, 1, .25, .25))
symbols(x = c(1:3), y = c(2, 4, 3), # Set up some X and Y values
circles = c(1, 2, 1.5), # Circle radii
bg = gray.colors(3), # Circle colors from gray palette
xlim = c(0,5), ylim = c(0,5), # Set range of plot
xlab = "X", ylab = "Y") # Set axis labels
myRect = rbind(c(1.5, .75), # Set widths for 2 rectangles
c(.75, 2)) # Set heights for 2 rectangles
symbols(x = c(2, 4), y = c(2, 3), # 2nd symbol plot X & Y coords
add = TRUE, # Overlay on previous plot
rectangles = myRect, # Add rectangles
bg = c("lightgray", "darkgray")) # Rectangle colors
dev.off() # Close png device to output plot
# 15.3 Adding Lines ======================================================= 15.3
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-7-line types.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(0, 0, 0, 0)) # Set for no margins
plot.new() # Start a plot
segments( # Add segments w/ degrees of transparency
x0 = .1, # The first x values for the lines
y0 = seq(.9, .1, -.16), # The first y values for the lines
x1 = .6, # The second x values
y1 = seq(.9, .1, -.16), # The second y values
lty = c(1:6), # A vector of line types
lwd = 2) # Line width = 2
text( # Add labels
x = .65, # x values
y = seq(.9, .1, -.16), # y value
pos = 4, # Text to right of point
cex = 1.25, # Text size
label = c("lty = 1 or 'solid'", # The set of labels
"lty = 2 or 'dashed'",
"lty = 3 or 'dotted'",
"lty = 4 or 'dotdash'",
"lty = 5 or 'longdash'",
"lty = 6 or 'twodash'"))
dev.off() # Output png file
# 15.3a Basic lines ====================================================== 15.3a
myV1 = c(1, 2, 4, 5, 8) # Some data to work with
myV2 = c(1.5, 3, 2, 7, 6)
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-8-lines-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mar = c(4.2, 4, 1, 1)) # Set margin widths in lines
plot(myV1, myV2, # A simple default scatterplot
pch = 19, col = "darkgray", # Solid point markers in darkgray
xlim = c(0, 10), ylim = c(0, 10)) # Set range for x & y axes
# Line 1 - a horizontal dashed line
abline(h = 1.5, # Add a horizontal line at y = 1.5
lwd = 3, # Give it a width of 3
lty = 2, # Dash it all
col = gray(.4)) # Make it medium gray
text(x = 8, y = 2.2, # Add label for line 1
label = "Line 1", # Label text
cex = 2, # Set size to 2
col = gray(.4)) # Set color to gray .4
# Line 2 - a vertical line with long dashes
abline(v = 4, # Add a vertical line at x = 4
lwd = 8, # Give it a width of 8
lty = "longdash", # Use long dashes
col = gray(.7)) # Make it light gray
text(x = 3.5, y = 6, # Add label for line 2
label = "Line 2", # Label text
cex = 2, # Set size to 2
srt = 90, # Rotate text to vertical
col = gray(.7)) # Set color to light gray
# Line 3 - abline using coefficients
abline(a = 3.2, # Add a line w/ intercept = 3.2
b = 1.5, # and slope = 1.5
lwd = .5, # Give it a width of .5
col = gray(.2)) # Make it dark gray
text(x = 1.5, y = 6.5, # Add label for line 3
label = "Line 3", # Label text
cex = 2, # Set size to 2
srt = 44, # Rotate text
col = gray(.2)) # Set color to dark gray
# Line 4 - Line segment
lines(x = c(6, 12), # x values for line segment
y = c(11, 4), # y values for line segment
lty = 4, # Dot-dash pattern
col = gray(.1), # Make it dark gray
lwd = 2, # Set line width at 2
xpd = TRUE) # Allow outside plot area
text(x = 8, y = 9.75, # Add label for line 4
label = "Line 4", # Label text
cex = 2, # Set size to 2
srt = -34, # Rotate text
col = gray(.1), # Set color to dark gray
xpd = TRUE) # Allow to extend beyond plot
# Line 5 - A regression line
myReg = lm(myV2 ~ myV1) # A simple regression model
abline(reg = myReg, # Use regression model to define line
col = "black") # Set color
text(x = 6, y = 6, # Add label for line 5
label = "Line 5", # Label text
cex = 2, # Set size to 2
srt = 23, # Rotate text
col = "black") # Set color
dev.off() # Output the png file
# 15.3b Data-based line segments ========================================= 15.3b
myV1 = c(1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9) # Some data to work with
myV2 = c(2, 3, 2, 7, 6, 8, 6)
myReg = lm(myV2 ~ myV1) # A quick regression model
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-9-line-segments-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(1, 1, .25, .25)) # Set margin widths in inches
plot(myV1, myV2, # The scatter plot
pch = 19, # Solid point markers
xlim = c(0, 10), ylim = c(0, 10)) # Set range for x & y axes
abline(reg = myReg) # Use regression model to define line
segments(x0 = myV1, x1 = myV1, # Add line segments from observed
y0 = myV2, y1 = myReg$fitted.values) # to fitted values
# Add model equation text to plot
# First paste together the model text
myModel = paste( # Paste together reg model as text
"Model: ",
names(myReg$model)[1], # Get dependent variable
" = ",
round(myReg$coefficients[1], 2), # Get y intercept coefficient
" + ",
round(myReg$coefficients[2], 2), # Get slope coefficient
names(myReg$model)[2], # Get independent variable
sep = "") # No space between paste elements
text(x = 10, y = 1.5, # Add model to plot
label = myModel, # The model as text
pos = 2) # Right side alignment
# Get the R-squared value from the summary function
myR2 = round(summary(myReg)$r.squared, 2)
# Add the R-squared value to the plot
text(x = 10, y = .5, # Add R-squared value to plot
label = bquote(R^2 == .(myR2)), # Use bquote to paste elements
pos = 2) # Right side alignment
dev.off() # Output the png file
# 15.3c Arrows =========================================================== 15.3c
# A solid arrowhead function
#
# This function draws an arrow from (x0,y0) to (x1,y1) with a solid
# arrowhead.
#
# The default arrowhead length is .25 inches.
# The default angle of the arrowhead edges is 30 degrees.
# The other parameters are standard for line and polygon formatting.
#
# The basic logic here is to use matrix rotation to translate the arrowhead
# coordinates.
#
# Note that R's trigonometric functions work with radians rather than degrees
#
myArrow = function(x0, y0, x1, y1, # Set up arrow function ----------------+
L = .25, # Default arrowhead length |
angle = 30, # Default angle of arrowhead |
code = 2, # Default arrowhead at x1,y1 |
col = par("fg"), # Default color |
ljoin = par("ljoin"), # Default line joint style (0) |
lty = par("lty"), # Default line type |
lwd = par("lwd"), # Default line width |
xpd = FALSE){ # Default stay within plot area |
# Start function code |
if(code == 1){ # Reverse arrow direction |
tmp = x1; x1 = x0; x0 = tmp # Switch x values |
} # |
if(code == 1){ # |
tmp = y1; y1 = y0; y0 = tmp # Switch y values |
} # |
# |
# We need to control for the aspect ratio or for different x,y scales |
# in setting up the arrow heads. We'll do that by translating the |
# usr parameter setting from the original x,y units to units based |
# on the plot dimensions measured in inches. This will allow us to |
# adjust the angles to account for different x and y scales. Note, |
# however, that rescaling the plot after it is drawn will distort |
# the arrowheads. |
# |
X0 = (x0 - par()$usr[1])/(par()$usr[2] - par()$usr[1]) * par()$fin[1] # |
Y0 = (y0 - par()$usr[3])/(par()$usr[4] - par()$usr[3]) * par()$fin[2] # |
X1 = (x1 - par()$usr[1])/(par()$usr[2] - par()$usr[1]) * par()$fin[1] # |
Y1 = (y1 - par()$usr[3])/(par()$usr[4] - par()$usr[3]) * par()$fin[2] # |
# |
oldusr = par("usr") # Save original usr settings |
par(usr = c(0, par("fin")[1], # Set up new usr settings based |
0, par("fin")[2])) # on plot dimensions in inches |
# |
t = angle * pi/180 # Convert angle degrees to radians |
slope = (Y1 - Y0)/(X1 - X0) # Calculate slope of line |
S = atan(slope) # Slope angle in radians |
# |
M = ifelse(X1 < X0, -1, 1) # Set a marker for X1 < X0 |
# Set length of vector XA |
XA = sqrt((X1 - X0)^2 + (Y1 - Y0)^2) # |
# |
# Get arrowhead vertices from rotated vectors |
XC = X0 + M * ((XA - L) * cos(S) + L * tan(t) * sin(S)) # |
YC = Y0 + M * ((XA - L) * sin(S) - L * tan(t) * cos(S)) # |
XB = X0 + M * ((XA - L) * cos(S) - L * tan(t) * sin(S)) # |
YB = Y0 + M * ((XA - L) * sin(S) + L * tan(t) * cos(S)) # |
# | |
# Draw arrow line stopping at beginning of the arrowhead |
lines(x = c(X0, X1 - M * L * cos(S)), # |
y = c(Y0, Y1 - M * L * sin(S)), # |
lty = lty, lwd = lwd, # Apply line format options |
col = col, xpd = xpd, # |
ljoin = ljoin) # |
polygon(x = c(X1, XB, XC), # Draw arrow head |
y = c(Y1, YB, YC), # at vertices |
col = col, # Apply format options |
border = col, # |
xpd = xpd) # |
par(usr = oldusr) # Reset to original usr settings |
} # End of myArrow function --------------+
# A plot of arrows
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-10-arrows-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(.5, .5, .25, .25)) # Set margin widths in lines
plot(x = 0, y = 0, type = "n", # Set up a blank plot
xlim = c(0, 5), ylim = c(0, 5), # Define x and y range
xlab = "", ylab = "") # Turn off axis labels
# Diverse arrows
arrows(x0 = 3, y0 = 4.25, x1 = 5, y1 = .25,
length = 1, angle = 15, lwd = 2)
arrows(x0 = 1.25, y0 = 1, x1 = 3.25, y1 = .75,
col = "darkgray", code = 3)
myArrow(x0 = 0, y0 = 1.5, x1 = 3.5, y1 = 4.5,
col = "black")
myArrow(x0 = 1, y0 = .5, x1 = 4.5, y1 = 0,
col = gray(.6))
myArrow(x0 = 4, y0 = 3.5, x1 = 1, y1 = 1.5, L=.5,
col = gray(.4), lwd = 2)
myArrow(x0 = 2.5, y0 = 1.25, x1 = 1, y1 = 4.2,
col = gray(.5), lwd = 4)
myArrow(x0 = 6, y0 = 5, x1 = 4, y1 = 3,
col = "gray", lwd = 8, angle = 20, L=.75, xpd = T)
myArrow(x0 = 0, y0 = 5, x1 = 4, y1 = 5,
col = "gray", lwd = 3, angle = 40, code = 1)
myArrow(x0 = .5, y0 = .5, x1 = 4, y1 = 1.5,
col = "darkgray", lwd = 1, angle = 20, L=.1)
dev.off() # Output png file
# 15.3d Grid lines ======================================================= 15.3d
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-11-grids.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 6) # Height at 6 inches
layout(matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 3), # Set layout of 3 plots
ncol = 2, # organized as 2 columns
byrow = T)) # and filled by row.
par(mai = c(.5, .5, .5, .25)) # Set the margin sizes
plot(0:10, pch = 19, # Plot 1 w/solid dots
main = "Horizontal Lines", # Title for plot 1
xlab = NA, ylab = NA, # Turn off axis labels
yaxs = "i") # Eliminate y axis overage
grid(nx = NA, # Create a grid w/o verticals
ny = 5, # and 5 horizontal partitions
lty = 1, # Set line type to solid
lwd = 2, # Set line width to 2
col = "gray") # Set color
points(0:10, pch = 19) # Redo points on top of grid
plot(0:10, pch = 19, # Plot 2 w/solid dots
main = "Default Grid", # Title for plot 2
xlab = NA, ylab = NA) # Turn off axis labels
grid() # Add default grid on tick marks
par(mai = c(0, 0, 0, 0)) # Set margins to zero
plot(0:10, type = "n", yaxt = "n") # Create an empty plot
grid(nx = 10, ny = 10, # Add gridlines
lty = 1, # Use solid lines
col = "black") # Set color to black
par(usr = c(0, 1, 0, 1)) # Use usr par
text(.5, .55, # Add text at center
labels = "An empty grid", # Text to add
cex = 2) # Set text size at 2
dev.off() # Output png file
# 15.4 Shapes ============================================================= 15.4
# Some demonstration polygons
myX1 = c(1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8) # Set up some coordinates to work with
myY1 = c(2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 3)
myX2 = seq(1, 3, by = .001)
myY2 = 9 - (2 - myX2)^2
myX2 = c(1, myX2, 3)
myY2 = c(7, myY2, 7)
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-12-polygons-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(.5, .5, .25, .25)) # Set margin widths in inches
plot(x = 0, y = 0, type = "n", # Set up a blank plot
xlim = c(0, 10), ylim = c(0, 10), # Define x and y range
xlab = "", ylab = "") # Turn off axis labels
polygon(x = c(4, 4, 8, 8), # Set x & y values for rectangle
y = c(1, 2, 2, 1),
col = gray(.7)) # Fill color
polygon(x = c(6, 6, 9, 9), # Set x & y values for rectangle
y = c(6, 8, 8, 6),
border = gray(.2), # Add a dark gray border
lwd = 4, # Line width 4 for border
col = gray(.9)) # Light gray fill for rectangle
polygon(myX2, myY2, # A polygon using preset points
lwd = 2, lty = 2, border = "black", # Dashed border with line width 2
col = gray(.3)) # Fill color
polygon(myX1, myY1, # A polygon with preset points
border = gray(.1), # Border color
lwd = 3, # Border & shading width = 3
density = 10, # Shading density = 10 lines/inch
angle = 135, # Shading line angle = 135 degrees
col = gray(.6)) # Color of shading lines
dev.off() # Output png file
# A more complex shapefile -----------------------------------------------------
# California Shapefile Read
# This reads in the coordinates for the shape of California, extracted from
# a google earth kml file.
# Note that the location of this datafile will change to somewhere on the
# www.sagepub.com/gaubatz site
CAshape = read.csv(
file = "http://www.kktg.net/R/calif-coords.csv", header = FALSE)
summary(CAshape) # Show structure & range of coordinates
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-13-california.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 4, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(0, 0, 0, 0)) # no margins
plot(x = 0, y = 0, type = "n", # Set empty plot
xlim = c(-125, -113), # X range
ylim = c(32, 43), # Y range
axes = FALSE, # Turn off axes
xlab = NA, ylab = NA) # Turn off labels
polygon(x = CAshape$V1, # Set x & y values from CA coordinates
y = CAshape$V2,
col = gray(.8)) # Fill color
text(x = -117, y = 39.5, # Position label
label = "California", # Label text
cex = 2.5) # Set size to 2.5
dev.off() # Output png file
# This routine draws a two-sided hypothesis test -------------------------------
options(scipen = 6) # Stop sci notation if <6 dec places
# Provided Values
mean1 = 3.35 # First sample mean
mean2 = 3.09 # Second sample mean
sd1 = 1.24 # First sample std deviation
sd2 = 1.21 # Second sample std deviation
n1 = 142 # First sample size
n2 = 126 # Second sample size
# Calculated Values
seBlend = sqrt(sd1^2/n1 + sd2^2/n2) # Blended std. error
dMeans = max(mean1, mean2) - # Calculate difference in means
min(mean1, mean2)
z = (dMeans)/seBlend # Calculate z score
rangeZ = ceiling(abs(z)) + 2 # Set range for x values
rangeZ = ifelse(rangeZ < 4, 4, rangeZ) # Set minimum range of +/- 4
# Hypothesis test results
p = 2 * (1 - pnorm(z)) # p value for 2 sided z-test
ptext = round(p, 2) # Version of p for annotation
OneMinusP = round(1 - p, 2) # Version of 1 - p for annotation
# Graphing values
X1 = seq(-rangeZ, rangeZ, by = .001) # Set up sequence of x values
Y1 = dnorm(X1) # Set up t curve values for each x
X2 = X1 # Second x to use for filling curve
Y2 = Y1 # Second y to use for filling curve
cd = data.frame(X1, Y1, X2, Y2) # Join in data frame
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-14-normal-curve-BW.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mai = c(1, 1, .25, .25)) # Set margin - no title
# Plot components
plot(cd$X1, cd$Y1, # Plot normal distribution
type = "l", lwd = 2, # Line plot with linewidth =2
ylim = c(0, .5), # Set range for y axis
xlab = "z-score", # Add x axis label
ylab = "Probability", # Add y axis label
yaxs = "i") # Eliminate y axis overage
abline(h = 0) # Horizontal boundary line at y = 0
lines(x = c(z, z), y = c(0, .43)) # Add short vertical line at z
lines(x = c(-z, -z), y = c(0, .43)) # Add short vertical line at -z
# Set up borders of shaded regions
xz1 = which(
cd$X1 == max(cd$X1[cd$X1 < z])) # Find x just to left of z
cd$Y2[xz1] = 0 # Set y for that x to 0
cd$X2[xz1] = cd$X2[xz1 - 1] # Shift max x over for vertical line
xz2 = which(
cd$X1 == min(cd$X1[cd$X1 > -z])) # Find x just to right of -z
cd$Y2[xz2] = 0 # Set y for that x to 0
cd$X2[xz2] = cd$X2[xz2 + 1] # Shift max x over for vertical line
xz3 = which(
cd$X1 == min(cd$X1[cd$X1 > z])) # Find x just to right of z
cd$Y2[xz3] = 0 # Set y for that x to 0
cd$X2[xz3] = cd$X2[xz3 + 1] # Shift max x over for vertical line
xz4 = which(
cd$X1 == max(cd$X1[cd$X1 < -z])) # Find x just to left of -z
cd$Y2[xz4] = 0 # Set y for that x to 0
cd$X2[xz4] = cd$X2[xz4 - 1] # Shift max x over for vertical line
# Do shading
polygon(cd$X2[cd$X1 < z & cd$X1 > -z], # Fill for center region
cd$Y2[cd$X1 < z & cd$X1 > -z],
col = "light gray") # Set color
polygon(cd$X2[cd$X1 < -z], # Fill for left tail
cd$Y2[cd$X1 < -z],
col = "darkgray") # Set color
polygon(cd$X2[cd$X1 > z], # Fill for right tail
cd$Y2[cd$X1 > z],
col = "darkgray") # Set color
abline(v = 0) # Vertical line at x = 0
# Add labels
text(x = z, y = .42, pos = 4, # Add label showing z-score 1
labels = paste("z = +", round(z, 2)))
text(x = -z, y = .42, pos = 2, # Add label showing z-score 2
labels = paste("z = -", round(z, 2)))
label1 = paste( # Annotation for area under curve
"Area under curve\nbetween z values = ",
OneMinusP)
label2 = paste( # Annotation for area in tails
"Area under curve\nin both tails = ",
ptext)
text(x = -rangeZ/1.4, y = .2, # Add label for main pr region
labels = label1, # Use text created above
cex = .75) # Font size
arrows(x0 = -rangeZ/1.4, x1 = -z/2, # Arrow from text to main pr region
y0 = .17, y1 = .1,
length = .15) # Set arrowhead size
text(x = rangeZ/1.4, y = .2, # Add label for tails
labels = label2, # Use label created above
cex = .75) # Set text size
arrows(x0 = z + (rangeZ - z)/2, # Add arrow from text to tails label
y0 = .17,
y1 = .02,
length = .15)
dev.off() # Output the png file
# 15.5 Incorporating images into plots ==================================== 15.5
# Kittens and Skulls -- raster images
library("png") # Load the png library
# Then read kitten & skull images
kittenPNG = readPNG("illustrations/kitten-BW.png")
skullPNG = readPNG("illustrations/skull.png")
skull = skullPNG[,,-4] # remove alpha channel
kitten = kittenPNG[,,-4] # remove alpha channel
skull2 = as.raster(skull) # Convert skull to raster
kitten2 = as.raster(kitten) # Convert kitten to raster
# Some Data from Google ngrams showing average occurance of skull/s
# and kittens/cats averaged by decade. Decade/skulls/kittens
d0 = c(1900, 1.60, 1.65)
d1 = c(1910, 1.59, 1.67)
d2 = c(1920, 1.45, 1.86)
d3 = c(1930, 1.46, 1.76)
d4 = c(1940, 1.37, 1.73)
d5 = c(1950, 1.32, 1.68)
d6 = c(1960, 1.26, 1.66)
d7 = c(1970, 1.19, 1.96)
d8 = c(1980, 1.08, 2.26)
d9 = c(1990, 1.06, 2.45)
kdata = rbind(d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7, d8, d9)
kdata = data.frame(kdata) # Combine into data frame
row.names(kdata) = kdata$V1 # Set years as row names
colnames(kdata) = # Set up column names
c("Decade", "Skulls", "Kittens")
# Create a png output file
png(filename = "illustrations/fig-15-15-images-plot.png",
units = "in", # Set measurements in inches
res = 1200, # Set resolution at 1200dpi
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
par(mar = c(4.2, 4, 1, 1)) # Set margin widths in lines
plot(x = kdata$Decade, # Set up background plot
y = kdata$Kittens,
xlim = c(1890, 2000), # Set x range
ylim = c(0, 4), # Set y range
xlab = "Kittens v. Skulls", # Create X axis label
ylab = "Occurence Rate (x10,000)", # Create Y axis label
type = "l") # Use lines without points
points(x = kdata$Decade, # Add skull points
y = kdata$Skulls,
type = "l", # Connect with lines
lty = 2) # Use dashed line
rasterImage(image = kitten2, # Add kitten images
xleft = kdata$Decade - 3,
xright = kdata$Decade + 3, # Left & right x values for kittens
ybottom = kdata$Kittens - .3,
ytop = kdata$Kittens + .3) # Top & bottom y values for kittens
rasterImage(image = skull2, # Add skull images
xleft = kdata$Decade - 2,
xright = kdata$Decade + 2, # Left & right x values for skulls
ybottom = kdata$Skulls - .25,
ytop = kdata$Skulls + .25) # Top & bottom y values for skulls
dev.off() # Ouput png file
# A PDF version utilizing transparency -----------------------------------------
kittenPNG = readPNG("illustrations/kitten-BW.png")
skullPNG = readPNG("illustrations/skull.png")
skull = skullPNG
kitten = kittenPNG
skull2 = as.raster(skull) # Convert skull to raster
kitten2 = as.raster(kitten) # Convert kitten to raster
# Some Data from Google ngrams showing average occurance of skull/s
# and kittens/cats averaged by decade. Decade/skulls/Kittens
d0 = c(1900, 1.60, 1.65)
d1 = c(1910, 1.59, 1.67)
d2 = c(1920, 1.45, 1.86)
d3 = c(1930, 1.46, 1.76)
d4 = c(1940, 1.37, 1.73)
d5 = c(1950, 1.32, 1.68)
d6 = c(1960, 1.26, 1.66)
d7 = c(1970, 1.19, 1.96)
d8 = c(1980, 1.08, 2.26)
d9 = c(1990, 1.06, 2.45)
kdata = rbind(d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7, d8, d9)
kdata = data.frame(kdata)
row.names(kdata) = kdata$V1
colnames(kdata) = c("Decade", "Skulls", "Kittens")
# Create a pdf output file
pdf(file = "illustrations/fig-15-16-images-plot-BW.pdf",
width = 6, # Width at 6 inches
height = 4) # Height at 4 inches
plot(x = kdata$Decade, # Set up background plot
y = kdata$Kittens,
xlim = c(1890, 2000), # Set range of x axis
ylim = c(0, 4), # Set range for y axis
xlab = "Kittens v. Skulls", # Create X axis label
ylab = "Occurence Rate (x10,000)", # Create Y axis label
type = "l") # Connect points with a line
points(x = kdata$Decade, # Add points for skulls
y = kdata$Skulls,
type = "l", # Connect points with a line
lty = 2) # Use dashed line
rasterImage(image = kitten2, # Add kitten images
xleft = kdata$Decade - 3, # Left x values
xright = kdata$Decade + 3, # Right x values for kittens
ybottom = kdata$Kittens - .3, # Bottom y values
ytop = kdata$Kittens + .3) # Top y values for kittens
rasterImage(image = skull2, # Add skull images
xleft = kdata$Decade - 2, # Left x values
xright = kdata$Decade + 2, # Right x values for kittens
ybottom = kdata$Skulls - .25, # Bottom y values
ytop = kdata$Skulls + .25) # Top y values for kittens
dev.off() # Close pdf file and output
