Kurt Taylor Gaubatz

Scholar, Analyst, Author.

Tag: Women's Equality (page 1 of 1)

July 10, 2021 / 0 Comments

Carter Gets Smarter: Jimmy Carter & the Equality of Women

Rosalynn standing behind Jimmy Carter in the Oval Office (Wikimedia.org)

Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter are celebrating their 75th anniversary this week to much well-deserved fanfare. Kevin Sullivan and Mary Jordan have a very nice Washington Post article about their relationship.

I have been writing a bit about some of the great men of the past who by dint of their positions and principles should have understood the urgent importance of women’s equality, but didn’t.

The Carters’ story captures some of the monumental changes in women’s equality over the past 75 years:

The Carters’ union has evolved with the times, starting as a traditional “father-knows-best” marriage in the 1940s and ’50s and eventually becoming a full partnership.

Jimmy Carter writes that in the early years of their marriage he “never considered it necessary to seek Rosalynn’s advice or approval.” He began his political career running for the Georgia Senate in 1962 without even telling her he had decided to do so.

Things came to a head in 1966, when he was running for governor, and she made it clear that she was not to be treated as an aide or servant.  This marked a significant moment of enlightenment and a turning point for Jimmy Carter. After that he insists that their business, personal, and political lives were “shared on a relatively equal basis.”

The degree to which Jimmy appreciated Rosalynn as an equal is difficult to assess from the outside.  Clearly, his career took a certain priority in their lives. And they were still swimming against strong cultural tides.

Jimmy Carter did become a strong advocate for gender equality.  As president, he signed the 1978 bill sending the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the states for ratification.

President Jimmy Carter signing the ERA resolution (1978) (wikimedia.org)

Mary Clark argues in the Yale Journal of Law and Feminism that “Carter’s presidency marked a transformative moment in women’s appointments to the federal bench.” At the time he took office, only eight women had ever been appointed to the federal judiciary. During his four year term he appointed 41 female judges, including Ruth Bader Ginsberg’s appointment to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.

Jimmy Carter congratulates Ruth Bader Ginsburg on her appointment to the US Court of Appeals (1980) (Wikimedia.org)

Rosalynn Carter was a strong political partner and advisor for her husband. She significantly enhanced the office of the First Lady.  “She organized it and expanded it in ways previous First Ladies had either never imagined or never attempted.”

Rosalynn Carter changed the power and role of the Office of the First Lady (wikimedia.org)

Two concluding points for this reflection. First, it remains an interesting question of what led Jimmy Carter to make this shift in perspective when so many other men of his generation could not do so.

Second, let’s note that while their son, Chip, said that Rosalynn “was a much better politician” than Jimmy, it was Jimmy who ran for governor and president rather than the other way around.

Rosalyn Carter signs resolution supporting the ERA (1978) (Wikimedia.org)
March 23, 2021 / 1 Comment

Four Men Who Should Have Known Better: Concluding Reflections

The Blind Leading the Blind – Pieter Bruegel the Elder – 1568

This past month, I’ve profiled four men who should have known better about the equality of women—but didn’t. Each of them had an intellectual perspective and life circumstances that should have led him to appreciate and advocate for women’s equality. Instead, however, each promulgated patriarchal, and often misogynist, views of women. These men are case studies in what I have called male pattern blindness.

The moral philosopher Alfred Schopenhauer highlighted the role of empathy. But even the exceptionally accomplished women in his own family couldn’t break through his vicious and explicit misogyny.

Charles Delucena Meigs (1846)

The physician Charles Meigs specialized in women’s health and obstetrics. But even his life of constant interaction with women did not open his eyes to their capability for intellectual and strategic thought.

The economist Alfred Marshall wanted his work to uplift the down-trodden. But even the example of his exceptionally capable wife, the economist Mary Paley, could not convince him that women could be equal to men.

The theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer emphasized viewing ethics from the position of the powerless and oppressed. But even this “view from below” couldn’t open him up to see beyond the biblical injunction that wives must be subservient to their husbands.

Each of these eminences was active during the period in which the idea of women’s equality was moving from the fringe of human consciousness to the core of thinking about social justice. Each was clearly aware that this had become an issue of central import.

The bright thread that runs through these case studies is the inability to see a shared humanity and equality across the gender line. I started this series with a reference to Gordon Allport’s “contact hypothesis,” the notion that sustained contact between groups can decrease prejudice and conflict. Yet, not only has this effect not worked on women’s inequality, it doesn’t even seem to have occurred to sociologists to consider the contact hypothesis in the context of gender until 2016!

Schopenhauer, of course, was perniciously misogynist. But as Dr. Meigs illustrates, even those who put women on a pedestal acted from an underlying rejection of women’s intellectual and occupational aspirations. All four men knew, and even claimed to love, women of exceptional capability, yet even that was not enough to break through the cultural hegemony of patriarchy.

Admittedly, Schopenhauer was widely regarded as something of a jerk. (Friedrich Nietzsche, who called Schopenhauer his “great teacher,” noted that Schopenhauer had no known friends and “cherished his philosophy more than his fellow men.”) Meigs, Marshall, and Bonhoeffer, on the other hand, were all thought of as caring, generous, and considerate. Each wanted to make the world a better place. Nonetheless, each failed to understand how the nature and needs of 50 percent of the population would fit into that ambition.

George Orwell, 1945

Dietrich Bonhoeffer understood the critical importance of a direct connection to other people. “We must allow,” he said, “for the fact that most people learn wisdom only by personal experience.” But here, a bit of George Orwell’s wisdom is relevant: “to see what is in front of one’s nose needs a constant struggle.”

Despite the resistance of these prominent men and so many others, the women’s movement began to succeed in changing attitudes and institutions. Still, as our current pandemic has vividly demonstrated, many areas of inequality remain. The same forces of culture and condescension that constrained the views of brilliant men like Schopenhauer, Meigs, Marshall, and Bonhoeffer continue to shape our norms and institutions. My hope is that reflecting on their failures can help us address our own. Until we get better at exposing, acknowledging, and confronting these social forces, both women and men will suffer the effects of our patriarchal legacy.

Moral: Seeing women as equal is the starting point for getting to social justice, rather than the other way round.

Posts in this series on Male Pattern Blindness:

Overview
1. Arthur Schopenhauer, a philosopher of morality and misogyny
2. Charles Meigs, a prominent physician for women and proponent of their subjugation
3. Alfred Marshall, a rationalist economist who rationalized patriarchy
4. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a theologian who argued for social justice and women’s subservience

February 15, 2021 / 7 Comments

Male Pattern Blindness

Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Socrates, 1787
Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Socrates, 1787

Our culture is built on a patriarchal foundation. The “great men” of the past, the leaders in philosophy, science, and religion, have been unable to see that the women around them—women they often claimed to love—could be their equals. Their brilliance and their blind-spots shaped our world.

Drawing from my current project on the idea of women’s equality, I want to spotlight four intellectual leaders who represent the failure of men to respond constructively to the rise of the idea of women’s equality in the critical period from the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century.

These four men—the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, the physician Charles Delucena Meigs, the economist Alfred Marshall, and the theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer—are interesting because in each case there are strong reasons we would have expected them to have known better.

Title plates from books by Schopenhauer, Meigs, Marshall, and Bonhoeffer.
Four Books by Four Men Who Should Have Known Better

These men had a worldview or professional position that should have made them more likely to see the equality of women. Each contributed significantly to the moral evolution of humankind; but they were unable to use their critical faculties to see beyond their cultural constraints to appreciate the importance of gender equality.

The enduring failure of these and so many other men to appreciate the interests and equality of women is striking in light of what sociologists call the “contact hypothesis.” This theory, which is generally credited to the psychologist Gordon Allport, holds that conflict, prejudice, and misunderstanding can be reduced when groups are engaged in long-standing contact.

The strongest validation for contact theory has been the rapid change in attitudes towards the LGBTQ community over the past twenty years. There is a large literature showing that people who have had personal interactions with someone who is gay or lesbian are more likely to be open to normalizing same-sex relationships. Learning that a friend or relative identifies as LGBTQ is a particularly potent agent for attitude change.

Contact theory does not seem to have worked its magic for the acceptance of women as equals. Women and men have lived in close proximity as long as there have been men and women. Having mothers, daughters, wives, and sisters did not make men more sympathetic to the opportunities and aspirations of women.

Portrait of German Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer

As I discuss in this new book project, ours is a history of stupid brilliant men who could not see the truth about fifty percent of the people around them. This persistent inability to see the basic equality of the women with whom they interacted is what I call male pattern blindness. It is a remarkable and yet nearly universal dysfunction that has afflicted both the man in the street and the great men of philosophy, science, and religion from the earliest time until the present.

In the next few posts I will briefly profile four of these great men. First up: Arthur Schopenhauer, a philosopher of morality and misogyny.

Posts in this series on Male Pattern Blindness:

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